Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning involves forming general conclusions based on specific observations or evidence. The choice identifies a specific pattern observed—namely, that all observed swans are white—and extrapolates that pattern to a generalization about all swans. This method of reasoning is not certain; it suggests a conclusion that could be revised upon encountering evidence to the contrary.

In this case, the conclusion drawn could be falsified if a non-white swan is observed, illustrating that inductive reasoning relies heavily on the information available at the time of the conclusion. This process is central to the scientific method, where hypotheses are formulated based on observed data before being rigorously tested.

The other options present different forms of reasoning. Some are based on established facts or logical deductions rather than inductive reasoning, which differentiates them from the selected answer.