What is meant by 'good data always trumps theory' in a scientific context?

The phrase 'good data always trumps theory' emphasizes the fundamental principle in science that empirical evidence holds greater weight than theoretical speculation. In scientific inquiry, theories are developed to explain observations and phenomena. However, they're not immune to revision or rejection based on new evidence.

When 'good data' is collected through rigorous experimentation or observation, it serves as reliable evidence that can either support or contradict existing theories. This highlights the scientific method's iterative nature, where theories must continuously evolve based on robust data. Ultimately, solid empirical findings can undermine longstanding theories if they do not align, which showcases the dynamic relationship between data and theoretical frameworks in advancing scientific knowledge.

In this context, the other options do not align with this principle. For example, suggesting that hypotheses are more valuable than theories does not reflect the hierarchy established by empirical data backing theories. Similarly, stating that theories are only valid if proven overlooks the provisional nature of scientific theories, while the idea that experiments should always support existing theories contradicts the essence of scientific progress, which thrives on challenging and refining theories through new data.