What does plate tectonics explain?

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains the structure and movements of the Earth's lithosphere, which is divided into a series of tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath. This theory accounts for a wide range of geological phenomena, including earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountain ranges, as a result of the interactions between these plates. For example, when two plates converge, one may be forced under the other in a process called subduction, leading to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

This theory also elucidates historical continental drift, where continents were once joined and have since moved apart over millions of years, shaping the Earth's surface and influencing global climate patterns. Understanding plate tectonics is crucial for geologists and scientists as it provides insights into the Earth's past and predictions about its future geological activity.

The other options do not relate to the core principles of plate tectonics. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere pertains to meteorology and environmental science, the water cycle involves hydrological processes, and reproduction processes are related to biology, none of which are influenced by the movements of tectonic plates.