According to the philosopher Thomas Kuhn, how does science progress?

Thomas Kuhn's perspective on the progress of science is articulated in his concept of "paradigm shifts" as detailed in his influential work, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." He argues that scientific advancement is not a smooth and continuous process but involves periodic revolutions that shift the prevailing paradigms, or frameworks, through which scientific inquiry is conducted.

When a dominant paradigm encounters anomalies—observations or problems that cannot be explained by the current scientific framework—scientists initially try to resolve these issues within the existing paradigm. However, when the anomalies become too significant and widespread, a scientific revolution occurs, resulting in a shift to a new paradigm that better addresses these concerns and offers a new way of understanding the world. This process is a departure from the previous framework, leading to significant changes in scientific thought and practice.

This notion contrasts with the ideas of gradual evolution or accumulation of data, which imply a more linear progression of knowledge. Kuhn's approach highlights the episodic nature of scientific development, underscoring how revolutions mark critical shifts in scientific understanding rather than merely building upon prior knowledge in a continuous manner.